calculus vocabulary P25

phenomenon
{noun}
plural phenomena [countable]

• something that happens or exists in society, science, or nature, especially something that is studied because it is difficult to understand

phenomenon of
the growing phenomenon of telecommuting
Homelessness is not a new phenomenon.
natural/historical/social etc phenomenon
Language is a social and cultural phenomenon.

• something or someone that is very unusual because of a rare quality or ability that they have

reaction
{noun}

• to a situation/event [uncountable and countable] something that you feel or do because of something that has happened or been said [↪ response]:

What was Jeff's reaction when you told him about the job?
reaction to
the government's reaction to the fuel crisis
bring/provoke/produce a reaction
The news brought an angry reaction from unions.
somebody's first/immediate reaction
His first reaction was to deny everything.
instinctive/gut reaction (=what you immediately feel before you have time to think)
My gut reaction was not to trust him.
There were mixed reactions (=different people reacting in different ways) to the strike.
in reaction to something
An emergency fund was set up in reaction to the famine.

• moving quickly reactions [plural] your ability to move quickly when something dangerous happens suddenly:

a skilled driver with very quick reactions

• to food/drugs [countable] if you have a reaction to a drug or to something you have eaten, it makes you ill

reaction to
a reaction to the immunization
have/suffer a reaction
She had a severe allergic reaction to the drug.
cause/bring on/trigger a reaction
Certain foods are more likely than others to cause allergic reactions.

• science [uncountable and countable]

a) a chemical change that happens when two or more substances are mixed together:
a chemical reaction in the soil
b) a physical force that is the result of an equally strong physical force in the opposite direction

• change [singular] a change in people's attitudes, behaviour, fashions etc that happens because they disapprove of the way in which things were done in the past

reaction against
a reaction against the traditional values of the nineteenth century

• against change [uncountable] [formal] strong and unreasonable opposition to all social and political changes:

The revolutionary movement was crushed by the forces of reaction.
➔ chain reaction

expectancy
{noun}

• [uncountable]the feeling that something pleasant or exciting is going to happen:

I saw the look of expectancy in the children's eyes.
➔ life expectancy

emission
{noun}

• [countable usually plural] a gas or other substance that is sent into the air:

Britain agreed to cut emissions of nitrogen oxide from power stations.

• [uncountable] the act of sending out light, heat, gas etc

reduction
{noun}

• [uncountable and countable] a decrease in the size, price, or amount of something, or the act of decreasing something:

strategies for noise reduction
reduction in
a slight reduction in the price of oil
reduction of
the reduction of interest rates
reduction on
substantial reductions on children's clothes
The company promised they would make no staff reductions for at least two years.


modelling
{noun}
British English ; modeling American English [uncountable]

• the work of a fashion model:

a career in modelling

• the process of making a scientific or computer model of something to show how it works or to understand it better

modelling of
computer modelling of the system
economic modelling

• the activity of making models of objects

tractable
{adjective}

• [formal]easy to control or deal with [≠ intractable]:

The issues have proved to be less tractable than expected.
—tractability {noun} [uncountable]

suitable
{adjective}

• having the right qualities for a particular person, purpose, or situation [≠ unsuitable]:

We are hoping to find a suitable school.
suitable for
The house is not really suitable for a large family.
suitable place/time etc to do something
a suitable place to rear young children
suitable to use/be shown etc
These crayons are not suitable to use in very hot weather.


formulate
{verb}
[transitive]

• to develop something such as a plan or a set of rules, and decide all the details of how it will be done

formulate a policy/plan/strategy etc
He formulated Labour Party education policy in 1922.
formulate an idea/theory
Darwin formulated the theory of natural selection.

• to think carefully about what to say, and say it clearly:

We are studying the situation but have not formulated any response yet.
—formulation {noun} [uncountable and countable]
the formulation of clear objectives

conclusion
{noun}

• [countable] something you decide after considering all the information you have [↪ conclude]

These are the report's main conclusions.
conclusion (that)
I soon came to the conclusion that she was lying.
It is still too early to reach a conclusion on this point.
There are perhaps two main conclusions to be drawn from the above discussion.
All the evidence pointed to the conclusion that he was guilty.
It's important not to jump to conclusions.
The police came to the inescapable conclusion that the children had been murdered.

• [countable] [formal] the end or final part of something [= end]

conclusion of

At the conclusion of the meeting, little progress had been made.

• in conclusion used in a piece of writing or a speech to show that you are about to finish what you are saying [= finally]:

In conclusion, I would like to say how much I have enjoyed myself today.

• [uncountable] the final arrangement of an agreement, a business deal etc

conclusion of
the conclusion of a peace treaty

• be a foregone conclusion to be certain to happen, even though it has not yet officially happened:

The outcome of the battle was a foregone conclusion.

stage
{noun}
time/state [countable] a particular time or state that something reaches as it grows or develops [↪ phase, step]
stage of/in
the early stages of a child's development
at a crucial stage in the race

• part of process [countable] one of the parts which something such as a competition or process is divided into

stage of
The team reached the semi-final stage of the competition.
stage 2/6 etc
We're now reaching the end of stage 3 of the construction.

The next stage is to complete an application form.

in stages
The rest of the money will be paid in stages (=a small amount at a time).
theatre [countable] the raised area in a theatre which actors or singers stand on when they perform [↪ backstage]
on stage
She is on stage for most of the play.
She appeared on stage with George Michael.

• acting the stage acting as a profession, especially in theatres:

I wanted to go on the stage (=become an actor).
stars of stage and screen (=theatre and cinema)

• centre stage if someone or something is centre stage, it has everyone's attention, or is very important:

Anne's sculpture took centre stage at the show.
The UN has moved to the centre stage of world politics.
place [singular] a place or area of activity where something important happens
on the world/international/political etc stage
He's an experienced campaigner on the world stage.
important figures on the European political stage
stage for
Geneva has been the stage for many such conferences.

• set the stage for something to prepare for something or make something possible:

Will this agreement merely set the stage for another war?
➔ landing stage

calculus vocabulary P18-23

p18

Coincide

Solid

Dot

Indicates

Absolute

P20

Symmetry

P23

Quotient

calculus vocabulary P17

division
{noun}

• separating [uncountable and countable] the act of separating something into two or more different parts, or the way these parts are separated or shared

division of something between/among/into something
he division of words into syllables
the traditional division of labour (=the way that particular tasks are shared) between husband and wife

• disagreement [uncountable and countable] disagreement among the members of a group that makes them form smaller opposing groups

division between/within/among something
Can he heal the deep divisions among Republican ranks?
racial/class/gender etc division
The old class divisions had begun to break down.
The Army was plagued by internal divisions.

• mathematics [uncountable] the process of finding out how many times one number is contained in another [↪ multiplication, long division]

• part of an organization [countable] a group that does a particular job within a large organization:

the Computer Services Division

• military [countable] a large military group

a tank division

• sport [countable] one of the groups of teams that a sports competition is divided into, often based on the number of games they have won

the Premier/First/Second/Third/Fourth Division
a second-division club
in parliament [countable] a process in which members of the British parliament vote for something by dividing into groups:
MPs forced a division on the bill.
Some members supported the opposition in the division lobbies (=the rooms where the vote takes place).

notation
{noun}
[uncountable and countable]
a system of written marks or signs used to represent something such as music, mathematics, or scientific ideas

vertical
{adjective}

• pointing up in a line that forms an angle of 90° with a flat surface [≠ horizontal; ↪ diagonal]:

a vertical line
the vertical axis of a graph
vertical window blinds
vertical cliff/climb/drop etc (=one that is very high or steep)
a gorge lined with vertical cliffs
having a structure in which there are top, middle, and bottom levels:
Formal communication channels are usually vertical.
—vertically {adverb}


imply
{verb}
past tense and past participle implied, present participle implying, third person singular implies [transitive]

• to suggest that something is true, without saying this directly [↪ infer, implication]

imply (that)
Cleo blushed. She had not meant to imply that he was lying.
an implied threat

• if a fact, event etc implies something, it shows that it is likely to be true [= suggest]

imply (that)
The high level of radiation in the rocks implies that they are volcanic in origin.

• if one thing implies another, it proves that the second thing exists:

Democracy implies a respect for individual liberties.
High profits do not necessarily imply efficiency.

calculus vocabulary P16

let
{verb}

• allow [transitive not in passive] to allow someone to do something [↪ permit]:

I can't come out tonight - my dad won't let me.

• not stop something happening [transitive not usually in passive] to not stop something happening, or to make it possible for it to happen

let somebody/something do something

Jenny let the note fall to the ground.
Don't let anyone know it was me who told you.
Max let the door swing open.
Let the cookies cool down before you try them.

• mathematics let something be/equal/represent something technical used in mathematics to mean that you give something a particular measurement or value in order to make a calculation:

Let angle A equal the sum of the two opposite sides.


express
{verb}

• feeling to tell or show what you are feeling or thinking by using words, looks, or actions

express your views/opinions
Bill's not afraid to express his opinions.
Parents have expressed their concerns about their children's safety.
She expressed an interest in seeing York.

express something in/by/through something
Express your reasons for applying in simple terms.
express sympathy/fear/anger etc
She doesn't express her emotions as much as he does.
express thanks/gratitude (for something) (to somebody) (=thank someone in a speech or by writing a letter)
Finally, I'd like to express my sincere thanks to all those who have helped today.
express doubts/reservations
The USA expressed reservations before agreeing to sign the agreement.
Many people have expressed their opposition to the proposals.
express yourself (=say what you think or feel)
Young children often have difficulty expressing themselves.
He first learnt to express himself through movement at his dance classes.
Words can't express (=it is impossible to describe) how angry we felt.

• articular emotion to show or describe a particular feeling:

Many of Munch's paintings express a deep feeling of despair.

• something expresses itself if something expresses itself, it becomes noticeable [= something reveals itself]:

Religious faith expresses itself in a variety of ways.

• mathematics technical to change an amount or quantity into a different form, especially in mathematics

express something as/in something
Express three-quarters as a decimal.
The value of the coffee becomes significantly higher when expressed in foreign currency.

• feeding babies if a woman expresses milk, she presses milk out of her breast in order to feed it to her baby later

eliminate
{verb}
[transitive]

• to completely get rid of something that is unnecessary or unwanted

eliminate a need/possibility/risk/problem etc
The credit card eliminates the need for cash or cheques.
The teacher should try to eliminate the possibility that the child has a hearing defect.
eliminate something/somebody from something
Fatty foods should be eliminated from the diet.

• [usually passive] to defeat a team or person in a competition, so that they no longer take part in it:

Our team was eliminated in the first round.

• to kill someone in order to prevent them from causing trouble:

a ruthless dictator who eliminated all his rivals

• eliminate somebody from your enquiries British English if the police eliminate someone from their enquiries, they decide that that person did not commit a particular crime